As someone with no shortage of virtual razors, I decided that this yak needed to be shaved! The result was an ongoing project I call STARSHIPRAIDER. There will be more posts on the project in the coming months so stay tuned!
The first step was to decide on a series of requirements for the project:
- 32 bidirectional I/O ports split into four 8-pin banks.
This is enough to sniff any commonly encountered embedded bus other than DRAM. Multiple banks are needed to support multiple voltage levels in the same target. - Full support for 1.2 to 5V logic levels.This is supposed to be a "Swiss Army knife" embedded systems debug/testing tool. This voltage range encompasses pretty much any signalling voltage commonly encountered in embedded devices.
- Tolerance to +/- 12V DC levels.Test equipment needs to handle some level of abuse. When you're reverse engineering a board it's easy to hook up ground to the wrong signal, probe a power rail, or even do both at once. The device doesn't have to function in this state (shutting down for protection is OK) but needs to not suffer permanent damage. It's also OK if the protection doesn't handle AC sources - the odds of accidentally connecting a piece of digital test equipment to a big RF power amplifier are low enough that I'm not worried.
- 500 Mbps input/output rate for each pin.This was a somewhat arbitrary choice, but preliminary math indicated it was feasible. I wanted something significantly faster than existing tools in the class.
- Ethernet-based interface to host PC.I've become a huge fan of Ethernet and IPv6 as communications interface for my projects. It doesn't require any royalties or license fees, scales from 10 Mbps to >10 Gbps and supports bridging between different link speeds, supports multi-master topologies, and can be bridged over a WAN or VPN. USB and PCIe, the two main alternatives, can do few if any of these.
- Large data buffer.Most USB logic analyzers have very high peak capture rates, but the back-haul interface to the host PC can't keep up with extended captures at high speed. Commodity DRAM is so cheap that there's no reason to not stick a whole SODIMM of DDR3 in the instrument to provide an extremely deep capture buffer.
- Multiple virtual instruments connected to a crossbar.Any nontrivial embedded device contains multiple buses of interest to a reverse engineer. STARSHIPRAIDER needs to be able to connect to several at once (on arbitrary pins), bridge them out to separate TCP ports, and allow multiple testers to send test vectors to them independently.
The challenging part of the design, from an architectural perspective, seemed to be the I/O buffer and input protection circuit, so I decided to prototype it first.
STARSHIPRAIDER v0.1 I/O buffer design |
A block diagram of the initial buffer design is shown above. The output buffer will be discussed in a separate post once I've had a chance to test it; today we'll be focusing on the input stage (the top half of the diagram).
During normal operation, the protection relay is closed. The series resistor has insignificant resistance compared to the input impedance of the comparator (an ADCMP607), so it can be largely ignored. The comparator checks the input signal against a threshold (chosen appropriately for the I/O standard in use) and sends a differential signal to the host board for processing. But what if something goes wrong?
If the user accidentally connects the probe to a signal outside the acceptable voltage range, a Schottky diode connected to the +5V or ground rail will conduct and shunt the excess voltage safely into the power rails. The series resistor limits fault current to a safe level (below the diode's peak power rating). After a short time (about 150 µs with my current relay driver), the protection relay opens and breaks the circuit.
The relay is controlled by a Silego GreenPAK4 mixed-signal FPGA, running a small design written in Verilog and compiled with my open-source toolchain. The code for the GreenPAK design is on Github.
All well and good in theory... but does it work? I built a characterization board containing a single I/O buffer and loaded with test points and probe connectors. You can grab the KiCAD files for this on Github as well. Here's a quick pic after assembly:
STARSHIPRAIDER I/O characterization board |
Positive transient response |
Negative transient response |
After a bit of review of the schematics, I found two errors. The "5V" ESD diode I was using to protect the high side had a poorly controlled Zener voltage and could clamp as high as 8V or 9V. The Schottky on the low side was able to survive my fault current but the forward voltage increased massively beyond the nominal value.
I reworked the board to replace the series resistor with a larger one (39 ohms) to reduce the maximum fault current, replaced the low-side Schottky with one that could handle more current, and replaced the Zener with an identical Schottky clamping to the +5V rail.
Testing this version gave much better results. There was still a small amount of ringing (less than five nanoseconds) a few hundred mV past the limit, but the comparator's ESD diodes should be able to safely dissipate this brief pulse.
Positive transient response, after rework |
Negative transient response, after rework |
PRBS31 eye at 80 Mbps through protection circuit with flying leads and no terminator |
PRBS31 eye at 100 Mbps through protection circuit with proper cabling |
PRBS31 eye at 200 Mbps, limited by oscilloscope bandwidth |
PRBS31 eye at 100 Mbps through full input buffer |
PRBS31 eye at 200 Mbps through full input buffer |
PRBS31 eye at 200 Mbps plus 200 MHz sync clock |
I still have more work to do on the protection circuit as well... while it's fine at 100 Mbps, the 2x 10pF Schottky diode parasitic capacitance is seriously degrading my rise times (I calculated an RC filter -3dB point of around 200 MHz, so higher harmonics are being chopped off). I have some ideas on how I can cut this down much less but that will require a board respin and another blog post!